Iran’s protectionist behaviour in foreign trade to protect the domestic market created problems in the trade of many products within the scope of the PTA.

While NATO’s new Strategic Concept is marginalizing Russia and Iran, these two countries have participated in the Caspian Summit in order to turn their geopolitical position to an advantage against the pressure.

Uncertainty in the Vienna talks and the developments in the region may slow down the implementation of the 25-year agreement between Iran and China.

The waged war to invade Ukraine by Russia created certain opportunities for Iran on the political and economic field, especially within the security ground.

Given the reality of the world political economy and the member states' competing agendas, membership in the SCO will not significantly benefit Iran in the international system.

Although an agreement has been signed between Iran and China, there are several issues, including differences and similarities between the two countries, which raise many questions.

Russian media attacks on Assad could be considered as an indication of the distrust of Moscow towards the regime. But these attacks do not mean that Putin would stop supporting Assad in the near future.

Notwithstanding their strong position against Iran, the US views Indian investment in Chabahar as a positive sign because it counters China.

The regional order in the Middle East and South Asia is greatly changing. These changes seriously influence the interests of these three countries and their role-playing.

Indian interests at stake in Iran and the US are much higher now compared to previous times

The ambiguity between the rhetoric and action is a well-thought-out policy of Iran’s power brokers to manage both the constituencies.